Four studies reported funding from national research councils, three studies reported financial support from university sources and one study reported a grant from a private foundation. Some studies were at high risk of detection bias or other bias. The risk of bias within the studies varied, with all studies being at high risk of performance bias, because of limited possibilities to blind participants to the music intervention. The studies examined the effect of listening to prerecorded music daily, for 25 to 60 minutes, for a period of three days to three months. We included 13 studies (eight studies new to this update) comprising 1007 participants. The evidence is current to 31 December 2021. Furthermore, the participants in the studies knew which treatment they were getting.įuture studies should assess other aspects of sleep as well as measures of daytime functioning, such as mood, fatigue, concentration, and quality of life. We have little confidence in the evidence on sleep interruption because the studies used different methods and showed different results. Our confidence in the evidence on sleep-onset latency, sleep duration and sleep efficiency is low because the studies used very different methods to measure these outcomes, and the people in the studies were aware of the nature of the treatment. We have little confidence in the evidence for the severity of insomnia because the studies were very small and were done in different types of people who knew which treatment they were getting. Our confidence in the evidence for the quality of sleep is only moderate because the people in the studies were aware of which treatment they were getting and the people scoring the data were also sometimes aware of which treatment the participants were getting, which could introduce bias. The quality of evidence from the 10 studies that examined sleep quality was moderate. What are the limitations of the evidence? None of the studies reported any negative effects caused by listening to music. Listening to music may improve slightly sleep-onset latency (how quickly a person falls asleep), sleep duration (length of time a person is asleep) and sleep efficiency (amount of a time a person is asleep compared to the total time spent in bed), compared to no treatment or treatment as usual. We do not know if listening to music has an effect on the severity of insomnia (difficulty in falling or staying asleep) or the number of times a person wakes up (broken sleep) compared to no treatment or treatment as usual. Ten studies measured sleep quality, and the results showed that music probably facilitates a large improvement in the quality of sleep compared to no treatment or treatment as usual. Five studies did not report any funding sources. Seven of the included studies reported funding from national research councils or university sources, and one study reported funding from a private foundation. The studies examined the effect of listening to prerecorded music daily, for 25 to 50 minutes, for three days to three months. Treatment as usual could be sleep hygiene education (learning a set of rituals to help with sleep) or standard care for participants with insomnia related to chronic medical conditions. The studies compared the effect of listening to music to treatment as usual or no treatment. We included 13 studies with 1007 participants. We searched electronic databases to identify relevant studies. Many people listen to music to improve their sleep, but the effect of listening to music is unclear. The consequences of poor sleep are costly, for both individuals and society. Poor sleep affects people's physical and mental health. People can have difficulties getting to sleep, staying asleep or may experience poor sleep quality. Worldwide, millions of people experience insomnia. For all the other outcomes, we did not find enough good-quality evidence as there were too few participants and the people doing the scoring of the data were aware of the treatment. We found a beneficial effect of music on sleep quality. This review assessed the effects of listening to music on insomnia (sleep problems) in adults and the impact of factors that may influence the effect.
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